Library Guides: Cultural Anthropology

Jane Caputo, Instructor
Developed by Gina Haycock, Librarian

REFERENCE BOOKS:  Located on the first floor of the library behind the Reference Desk.  These books must remain in the library. Reference books include dictionaries, almanacs and encyclopedias. Specialized or subject encyclopedias (concentrating on a particular subject instead of covering all knowledge) are excellent starting points for research. They are focused on a particular topic, cover the major concepts of the topic, are written by experts in the field, and often have bibliographies or other references. Examples of Reference books in the COS library are as follows:

• Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mankind    #R301.203 Il29
• International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences    #R303 En56
• Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life    #R305.8 W927
• Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology    #R305.803 En56
• Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology    #R306.03 En56
• Encyclopedia of World Cultures    #R306.097 En56
• International Encyclopedia of Sexuality    #R306.7
• Encyclopedia of Taboos    #R390.03 H726
• You Are Cordially Invited to Weddings, Dating & Love Customs of Cultures Worldwide    #R392.5 M834
• Death and the Afterlife: A Cultural Encyclopedia     #R393.03 T245
• You Eat What You Are    #R394.1 B248
• Celebration of Customs & Rituals of the World    #R394.2 In53
• Kiss, Bow, or Shake Hands    #R395.52 M882
• Dictionary of Languages    #R403 D137
• The Cambridge World History of Food    #R641.309 C178
• World Music    #R780.9 W927
• Musical Instruments    #R781.91 R245
• The History Atlas of Asia    #R911 B261
• The History Atlas of South America #R911 Ea12
• The History Atlas of Africa    #R911 Ka19
• Encyclopedia of China     #R951 P448
• Encyclopedia of African Nations and Civilizations    #R960.03 E56
• Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes    #R970.004 W164
• The Cambridge history of the Native Peoples of the Americas    #R970.00497 C178
• Handbook of Yokuts Indians    #R970.48 L364
• Handbook of the Indians of California    #R970.494 Kr93

CIRCULATING BOOKS: Located on the second floor of the library. Our newest books are, for the most part, in the areas of science and social issues, and current topics, because we try to build the collection to the type of assignments given to students. Some subject headings you might use in the COS book catalog are as follows:

ALSO, through the Electronic Resources link, http://cos.edu/library/electronic.htm, on the COS Library’s Web Site, there are links to the electronic index subscription databases that the library makes available to COS students. Many of these indexes offer full-text articles, which means the entire article will be available even if the library doesn't subscribe to the periodical itself. If a student is off campus, passwords are necessary to access these databases. Passwords are available for COS students at the COS Library Information Desk or by calling the Library at (559) 737-6179.

InfoTrac  is a periodical index database that works well when using a subject search. When entering a subject search, you can use broad terms, because the index will automatically help to narrow the search. This index is not completely full-text.

 Academic Abstracts is a periodical index database that works well when using a key-word search. When entering a key-word search, you need to use precise words and the more words you add, the narrower the search becomes. This index is not completely full-text.

INTERNET: The Internet provides vast amounts of information, but much of it has not been submitted to an editorial process. Web Directories are helpful, because usually the linked web pages have had human scrutiny.

 Examples of web directories are as follows:

        Web Sites by Topic:    http://www.cos.edu/library/subject/internet.htm

        Librarians' Index to the Internet:    http://lii.org

INTERNET EVALUATION:

Source or Affiliation:

A comparison can be made here between publishers of print materials such as books and magazines and publishers of Web pages. Book publishers that want to establish a reputation for integrity must adhere to ethical and editorial guidelines. For example, a University Press must adhere to strict standards of scholarship to earn a reputation for producing books well regarded in the world of scholarship. Likewise, a university web site may produce web pages with high standards of scholarship.

Hints for determining Source or Affiliation:          

• Where does this information come from?
   
• Who put it there?
   
• If an institution is responsible, what type of institution is it? Is it a college, university, company, government agency, or non-profit organization?

To answer the above questions, you can look near the top of the web page or at the end of the page. There may also a link to the “Home page” for the site.  You might also want to truncate (erasing the last part of the URL backwards until you come to a slash mark) the URL until you find a statement of responsibility.  Remember that the designated  ‘webmaster” may only be responsible for the technology behind the page and not responsible for the content of the page.

Another clue might be to examine the URL (address of the web page). The URL gives the domain name for the sponsor of the page. The top-level domain can show the type of organization that published the site and the country where it was published.  The top-level domain name assignments are no longer as narrowly defined as they once were so even this will not give you definitive information.

A good Example of Source or Affiliation is:

American Anthropological Association :http://www.aaanet.org/
American Folklife Center http://www.loc.gov/folklife/
Anthropology in the News http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news/

Authority:

A strength and/or a weakness of the Web is that anyone can become an author without the benefit of an editor or the reputation of a publisher behind his/her work. Traditionally, authority is judged by the author’s background, experience, education, and credentials.

Hints for determining Authority:

·         Who is the author?

·         Is the author the creator of the information?

·         Does the author list his/her credentials, position, education, and/or experience?

·         Is the author an expert on the topic he/she is writing about? Or is the person a hobbyist or merely stating a personal opinion?

·         Can you contact the author or institution with the information given? Is the e-mail address or street address given? Is telephone or fax information supplied?

·         If a non-profit organization is the author, is the organization known as a source of reliable information on the particular topic?

To answer the above questions, you can again look at the top and bottom of the page. There is often a hyperlink to more information about the person or institution.  There is often a link  “About Us” that usually presents the mission statement for the organization. There may also be a link to other information published by the author or organization. Again you can try truncation to go back to the home page for the web site. A URL with a tilde (~) in it usually indicates a personal page instead of official pages of a site.

If you cannot find information about the author or organization from the particular web page, you could use a search engine to try to find additional information from other sites. You could also check library book catalogs and periodical indexes to see if the author has published any other works on this or related topics.

A good example of Authority is Tzintzuntzan, Mexico: photographs by George Foster    http://hearstmuseum.berkeley.edu/exhibitions/tzin/splash.html

Purpose and Intended Audience of the Source:

In books the author states his purpose in the preface, and the reader can get an idea of the specific topics to be covered in the table of contents. Sometimes in web pages there is a mission statement for the web page, but often the purpose will have to be surmised.  A “site map” is comparable to a table of contents.

Hints for determining Purpose and Intended Audience:

·         Is there a mission statement indicating the purpose and intended audience? And if so, how well does this page fulfill its goal?

·         Is the author trying to sell, persuade, inform, explain, or to present research for other professional, or to vent a particular point of view, or is it possibly satire?

·         Is the page designed for the novice, expert, professional, or hobbyist?

Again you should look for an “About Us” link. If the top-level domain is .com it may be a commercial site with the purpose of selling a service or product so be sure to use critical thinking skills when reading the claims and information on the page.

A good example of Audience is University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology http://www.lsa.umich.edu/umma/

Objectivity of the Source:

Objectivity of a source means that it is not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices. Objectivity refers to the absence of bias.

Hints for determining Objectivity:

·         Does the author or the institutional affiliation of the author have an obvious bias? For example, a pro-choice (Planned Parenthood Federation of America) page or a pro-life ( National Right to Life ) page will present very different views of abortion.

·         Is the institution well-known for a particular point of view? For example, The National Rifle Association.

·         If the topic of the page is very controversial such as abortion, gun control, legalization of marijuana, are both sides of the issues presented and at the same level of coverage?

·         Is advertising included on the page or is the page partially sponsored by a commercial entity?

·         Is the page truly informational or is it really an advertisement pretending to be informational?

If there is advertising or corporate sponsorship, you should look for a link explaining the policy and guidelines for acceptance of funding. There should also be a link to the corporate sponsors explaining their mission and policies and extent of funding.

There should be a clear differentiation between the advertisement and the informational content of the site.

Sometimes, but not always, the type of top-level domain will be helpful, for example, an .edu site indicating an institution of higher education.

The use of inflammatory language/graphics is a warning sign for bias.

A good example of Objectivity is    Handbook on Ethical Issues in Anthropology http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/toc.htm

Currency of the Source:

We tend to believe that everything on the Web is the latest information and is instantly updated, but that is not true for many Web pages.

Hints for determining Currency:

·         When was the Web page originally created and when was it last updated?

·         Was all the information on the page created at the same time or does some material pre-date the web page and how can you know?

·         How important is it for your topic to have the latest information? For example, for a medical or legal research topic currency would be more important than for many topics in literature or history.

·         Are the links on the page current or are there many broken links?

Either at the top or the bottom of the page there should be a copyright date given  and a statement  such as “Last Updated” “Latest Revision” , but the “last updated” date can be misleading because, depending on the software used to create the page, this date can be recent if only superficial changes were made to the page, for instance , a spelling correction, and does not really reflect content currency.

If statistical data is cited on the page, look for information about the original source and publication date for the compilation of the statistics.

If the page cites reference sources such as books or journal articles in a bibliography, look to see that these sources are current.

It may be possible in the browser you are using to view source information that will show the date the page was created and updated if it does not show on the page itself.

A good example of  currency is    Anthropology in the News http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news/

Completeness, Coverage, Comparison and Relevance of the Source:

Coverage and completeness refer to the range of topics included and the depth of the coverage. Comparison means how does this information compare to other information you know from personal experience or from other research. You may find excellent information and data ,but it may not pertain, that is, be relevant, to your topic.

Hints for determining completeness, coverage, comparison and relevance:

·         Is the page you are viewing “under construction”?

·         Has the information been copied from another page? If so, has the original source been cited?

·        Has the information possibly been quoted out of context or is the full document provided?

·        Is the coverage superficial? If so, are there links to additional information and do they work?

·        How does this information compare with other research? If it totally disagrees with everything else you have discovered, more research is indicated or it may be a bogus, biased or hoax site. For example: Pop! The First Human Male Pregnancy http://www.malepregnancy.com/

·        Does it apply to your research question? If the information is found to be creditable, it still may not apply to your thesis statement for your research project and you may have located the page because of the key words you used in your search strategy

·        Are you being swayed by the design and presentation of the page rather than by the scope and depth of the information included?

·        Is the page easy to navigate or might the same information be found more easily on another site or more quickly in a reference book

A not-so-good example of completeness and coverage is    The National Anthropology Museum http://mexicocity.com.mx/mantro.html

CITATION:
AAA (American Anthropological Association) Style Guide: http://www.aaanet.org/pubs/style_guide.htm

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This page was created October 5, 2005. This page was last updated: 04/25/2008
For questions and comments, please mail to: ginah@cos.edu